Gyoza are simple dumplings eaten as casual fare, but a fierce gyoza battle has long been brewing between the cities of Japan.

The Wonderful World of Japanese Gyoza

The little dumplings we call "gyoza" (餃子) actually originate from China, and are still (to some extent) considered Chinese food in Japan. But over the decades, these delectably savory dough-wrapped morsels have become a permanent fixture in Japan, as a standard size dish with ramen or a great match for a frosty mug of beer. These days, they're such common local fare that regions and restaurants all over Japan offer their own takes on the classic, and some regional gyoza variations have become so popular that they've made a name for themselves across the country.

To find the best gyoza in Japan, perhaps it's no surprise that dumpling experts like to rank the different varieties and establish which regions are hotspots for delicious gyoza, in the same way that Japan has almost-official rankings like the "Three Great Gardens," "Three Great Waterfalls," or the "Three Great Festivals of Edo." But when it comes to gyoza, the top-three approach has run into a bit of an obstacle over the past decade: two cities are so famous for their delicious gyoza, that they're fiercely battling for the #1 spot, and poor old #3 tends to get left behind. Our top competitors are the city of Utsunomiya, in Tochigi Prefecture, and the city of Hamamatsu, not far from Mt. Fuji in Shizuoka Prefecture.

What’s This Battle All About?

How exactly are Utsunomiya and Hamamatsu battling it out? Well, this competition isn't only about quality, but about quantity too. Each year, through a Home Statistics survey, Japan's Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications asks households all over Japan about what and when they're eating, and it turns out how many gyoza each household consumes is an important national statistic. Thanks to that valuable information, we now know that since the year 2009―for over a decade―these two gyoza-obsessed cities have taken up the number 1 and 2 spots, consistently eating more gyoza per household than any other city in Japan. According to a Nikkei report, the two cities have even been switching off each year for the past five years, taking turns at number one. In the 2020 statistics, published recently, Hamamatsu has come out on top, replacing Utsunomiya.

Of course, for travelers just looking to grab a bite of the tastiest gyoza around, these statistics are less important than flavor. When it comes to the regional gyoza themselves, the origins of both Utsunomiya and Hamamatsu gyoza are similar. After World War II, troops that had been stationed in Manchuria (the north-eastern tip of China) returned to Japan with a taste for the local dumplings they had eaten while overseas, starting the gyoza trend all over the country. But what happened from there, in the kitchens of home cooks and local eateries, as chefs tailored the dumplings to local tastes―that's what has transformed the simple gyoza into a fantastic regional array!

Utsunomiya Gyoza: Fresh, Light, and Varied

Any non-vegetarian dumpling lover will know that for most gyoza, the filling for these savory little nuggets is mostly made up of meat, with a sprinkling of vegetables and other seasonings for flavor. In Utsunomiya, however, the ratio is flipped upside-down! A mix of vegetables makes up most of the body of the filling, with just a little ground meat added for flavor. Even when fried up hot and crispy, the result is a more refreshing dumpling with a relatively low price to boot, and that makes Utsunomiya gyoza popular among students and anyone looking for a lighter meal.

The dipping sauce for Utsunomiya gyoza has something of a lighter feel, too. In most gyoza spots around Japan, you'll see customers mixing up their own blend of soy sauce, vinegar, and perhaps a dash of chili oil. In Utsunomiya, this blend tends to be especially vinegar-heavy, cutting right through the rich greasiness of the fried dumplings for a clean bite.

One last feature of Utsunomiya gyoza is the variety, which is clear when visiting the city's many gyoza shops. The dumplings are pan-fried, boiled, and deep-fried, with simple fillings of cabbage, chives, and ground pork, or unique fillings including fun additions and toppings like mentaiko (明太子, spicy cod roe) or cheese. The "Utsunomiya gyoza" has a fairly loose definition, not very strictly maintained, but generally promoted by organizations like the Utsunomiya Gyoza Association. Travelers looking to see what Utsunomiya gyoza are all about can visit shops like Kirasse (Japankuru stopped by a few years back), a gyoza-only food court run by the Gyoza Association, with counters from some of the city's most popular gyoza shops, including the famous Minmin.

Unfortunately, not every popular gyoza shop in the city is part of the Utsunomiya Gyoza Association, which means it might be worth checking out some other shops to see what else the world of Utsunomiya gyoza has to offer. On a recent trip, a Tochigi-native tour guide told the Japankuru team that his personal favorite was a shop on somewhat rocky terms with the Gyoza Association, a place called Masashi. The gleaming recommendation made it clear that we had a new restaurant to try next time we were in Utsunomiya!

No matter where you try your Utsunomiya gyoza, one way to eat like a local is to order boiled gyoza, and then pour your "dipping sauce" right into the bowl instead of using a little dish!

Hamamatsu Gyoza: Simple and Savory

"Hamamatsu gyoza" refers generally to dumplings made in the city of Hamamatsu, but the title has slightly more specific requirements than the name "Utsunomiya gyoza" does. For one, gyoza shops in Hamamatsu need to be established and running for at least three years before they can adopt the official title of "Hamamatsu gyoza." On top of that, the image of the Hamamatsu gyoza tends to be a little more set in stone. These dumplings tend towards very simple fillings, made mostly of pork meat and some kind of onion or chive.

The real flare of Hamamatsu comes out when they're cooked. Google "Hamamatsu gyoza," and you'll find one picture after another featuring beautiful rings of perfectly pan-fried gyoza, served unbroken on a platter with a pile of bright white beansprouts at the center. This iconic serving style for Hamamatsu gyoza was developed by the early street vendors who made gyoza popular in the city. With just small round pans available to fry the gyoza in, these small-scale chefs would squeeze as many dumplings as they could manage onto the pans by lining them up around the edge. Of course, this left the street vendors with beautiful rings of golden-brown gyoza, and kind of a sad, empty circle at the center. Soon enough, sellers started filling up the hole with cheap beansprouts, and the fresh crunch of the veggies turned out to be the perfect thing to accompany the city's extra-savory extra-meaty dumplings.

For Hamamatsu gyoza, different shops tend to have their own special recipes, ranging in flavor from sweet to sour, and even some particularly spicy versions. Since Hamamatsu gyoza gain popularity through street vendors, and even more permanent restaurants tend to do a good takeout business, it's a long-lived tradition for shops to offer little containers of sauce for customers to take with them. At first, the sauce came in little aluminum bottles! Nowadays, they've mostly been replaced by plastic packets. Ishimatsu Gyoza, which the Japankuru team visited in early 2020, is not one of the city's more famous gyoza shops (they claim to be the very first gyoza stand established in Hamamatsu!), but they also pride themselves on their unique dipping sauce.

According to the Hamamatsu Gyoza Society, Hamamatsu gyoza aren't just a tasty snack in the city, but a true piece of local culture. Hamamatsu has always been a city of industry, and for many local factory workers, there's nothing better than coming home after a long day of work to see their family making gyoza together at home. Perhaps this heartwarming image is part of what makes the dumplings so delicious―it's almost certainly why the people of Hamamatsu ate more gyoza per household than any other city, last year.

Immersing Yourself in the Fun of Japanese Gyoza Culture

Are you starting to crave gyoza yet? Utsunomiya and Hamamatsu are particularly famous for gyoza in terms of both quality and quantity, and both cities make especially popular varieties of the dumplings (before consuming huge numbers of them), but gyoza are popular all around Japan! In terms of sheer numbers, cities like Miyazaki and Kyoto often make it onto the per household ranking at the #3 spot! And the "Three Great Gyozas" or "Three Gyoza Capitals" of Japan tend to include Hamamatsu and Utsunomiya as two of the three, but cities like Yahata in Fukuoka, or sometimes Yokohama (famous for its Chinatown) are often named as the third city, thanks to their own uniquely delicious gyoza recipes. While exploring Japan, part of the fun is to find unique local specialties wherever you end up, and we'd definitely recommend checking out some of Japan's most famous regional gyoza during your travels. The true gyoza capital of Japan is for you to decide!

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